اثرات آبیاری با پساب تصفیه شده فاضلاب شهری کرمانشاه بر غلظت و توزیع فلزات سنگین در گیاه باقلا

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استاد گروه علوم و مهندسی آب، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران.

2 پژوهشگر پسادکتری، گروه علوم و مهندسی آب، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران.

3 دانش‌آموخته دکتری آبیاری و زهکشی، گروه علوم و مهندسی آب، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران.

چکیده

کاهش منابع آب تجدیدپذیر در مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک دنیا از یک سو و افزایش حجم تقاضا برای دستیابی به آب باکیفیت از سویی دیگرسبب شده است که منابع آب با کیفیت مناسب‫تر برای مصارف شهری و شرب حفظ شده و منابع آب با کیفیت پایینتر (مثل فاضلاب تصفیه شده) برای مصارفی همچون کشاورزی، صنعت و فضای سبز بکار گرفته شوند. اما وضعیت تجمع فلزات سنگین در اندام های مختلف محصولات زراعی آبیاری شده با پساب همچنان نامشخص است و به دلیل خطر ورود این فلزات به چرخه غذایی انسان بایستی پایش شود. در این پژوهش اثرات آبیاری با پساب تصفیه شده شهری در مقایسه با آب چاه به عنوان تیمار شاهد بر تجمع فلزات سنگین در ریشه، اندام هوایی و دانه گیاه باقلا بررسی شد. نتایج نشان داد که تجمع تمام فلزات سنگین در اندامهای گیاه باقلا تحت تیمار پساب بصورت معنی داری بیشتر از تیمارهای آب چاه بود که حتی غلظت آهن و کادمیوم در ریشه (اندام غیر خوراکی) باقلا بالاتر از استانداردها قرار داشت. غلظت مس و منگنز در اندام‫های مختلف باقلا پایین‌تر از حدود مجاز بود. غلظت کادمیوم و روی در دانه بالاتر از استاندارد بود که در صورت مصرف مکرر توسط انسان برای سلامتی خطر ساز خواهد شد و لزوما باید تمهیداتی برای کاهش این دو فلز در پساب اندیشید.‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬ ‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


فرمانی فرد، میلاد.، قمرنیا، هوشنگ.، پیرصاحب، مقداد.، و فتاحی، نظیر. (1395). مطالعه تجمع فلزات سنگین در محصولات مختلف تحت تاثیر آبیاری با فاضلاب تصفیه شده شهری کرمانشاه. مدیریت آب و آبیاری، 6(2 )، 365-347.  https://sid.ir/paper/240087/fa
یارقلی، بهمن. (1387). بررسی میزان جذب کادمیم از محیط ریشه و میزان تجمع آن در اندام محصولات زراعی. رساله دکتری، دانشگاه تهران، ایران.
Abbasi, M. R., & Sepaskhah, A. R. (2022). Evaluation of saffron yield affected by intercropping with winter wheat, soil fertilizers and irrigation regimes in a semi-arid region. International Journal of Plant Production, 16(3), 511-529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42106-022-00194-4
Adriano, D.C. (2001). Bioavailability of Trace Metals. Trace Elements in Terrestrial Environments. 61-89. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-21510-5_3  
Aftab, K., Iqbal, S., Khan, M. R., Busquets, R., Noreen, R., Ahmad, N., & Ouladsmane, M. (2023). Wastewater-irrigated vegetables are a significant source of heavy metal contaminants: toxicity and health risks. Molecules, 28(3), 1371. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28031371  
Allen, H.E., Huang, C.P., Bailey, G.W., & Bowers, A.R. (1995). Metal Speciation and Contamination of Soil. Lewis Publishers, USA.     https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=7uGkJ5APOrkC&oi=fnd&pg=IA7&dq=Allen,+H.E.,+Huang,+C.P.,+Bailey,+G.W.+and+Bowers,+A.R.+(1995).+Metal+Speciation+and+Contamination+of+Soil.+Lewis+Publishers,+USA.&ots=LY2STEdLZF&sig=o_XbgV7flWHE4YvD9S1S8qBmEKk#v=onepage&q=doi&f=false
Alloway, B. J. (1995). Heavy metals in soils. Blackie Academic and Professional. An Imprint of Chapman & Hall, Glasgow. https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=1984896
Angelova, V., Ivanova, R., Delibaltova, V., & Ivanov, K. (2004). Bio-accumulation and distribution of heavy metals in fibre crops (flax, cotton and hemp). Ind. Crops. Prod, 19(3), 197–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2003.10.001
Batarseh, M. I., Rawajfeh, A., Ioannis, K. K., & Prodromos, K. H. (2011). Treated municipal wastewater irrigation impact on olive trees (Olea Europaea L.) at Al-Tafilah, Jordan. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 217, 185-196.                                                    https://www.academia.edu/6357678/Treated_Municipal_Wastewater_Irrigation_Impact_on_Olive_Trees_Olea_Europaea_L_at_Al_Tafilah_Jordan
Bedbabis, S., Trigui, D., Ahmed, C. B., Clodoveo, M. L., Camposeo, S., Vivaldi, G. A., & Rouina, B. B. quality. Agricultural Water Management, 160, 14-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2015.06.023
Christou, A., Maratheftis, G., Eliadou, E., Michael, C., Hapeshi, E., & Fatta-Kassinos, D. (2014). Impact assessment of the reuse of two discrete treated wastewaters for the irrigation of tomato crop on the soil geochemical properties, fruit safety and crop productivity. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment, 192, 105-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.04.007
Di Paolo, E., & Rinaldi, M. (2008). Yield response of corn to irrigation and nitrogen fertilization in a Mediterranean environment. Field Crops Research, 105(3), 202-210.                                                https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2007.10.004
Edmunds, W.M., & Smedley, P.L. (1996). Environmental Geochemistry and Health. London: Geological Society, 113, 91-105. https://people.wou.edu/~taylors/es420_med_geo/med_geo/edmunds_smedley_1996.pdf
Ensink, J. H., Van Der Hoek, W., Matsuno, Y., Munir, S., & Aslam, M. R. (2002). Use of untreated wastewater in peri-urban agriculture in Pakistan: Risks and opportunities. IWMI, 64. https://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/IWMI_Research_Reports/PDF/pub064/Report64.pdf
Esmaeili, A., Moore, F., Keshavarzi, B., Jaafarzadeh, N., & Kermani, M. (2014). A geochemical survey of heavy metals in agricultural and background soils of the Isfahan industrial zone, Iran. Catena, 121, 88-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2014.05.003
EU, (2006). Commission regulation (EC) No. 1881/2006, setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Official Journal of the European Union, 364, 5-24. https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=1115775
European Comission. (2020). Regulation (EU) 2020/741 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 May 2020 on Minimum Requirements for Water Reuse. Available online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32020R0741
FAO/WHO, (2001). Codex Alimentarius Commission, Food additives and contaminants. Geneva: Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Program. https://www.fao.org/input/download/report/27/Al0112Ae.pdf
FAO/WHO, (2007). Joint FAO/WHO, Food Standard Programme Codex Alimentarius Commission, 13th Session. Report of the Thirty Eight Session of the Codex Committee on Food Hygiene. Houston, TX, USA. https://www.fao.org/input/download/report/116/al03_13e.pdf
Farmanifard, M., Ghamarnia, H., Pir-saheb, M., &  Fattahi, N. (2015). Study of the accumulation of heavy metals in different crops under the influence of irrigation with Kermanshah municipal reclaimed wastewater. Journal of Water and irrigation management, 6(2), 347-365. https://sid.ir/paper/240087/fa [In Persian]
Ghosh, A. K., Bhatt, M. A., & Agrawal, H. P. (2012). Effect of long-term application of treated sewage water on heavy metal accumulation in vegetables grown in Northern India. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 184, 1025-1036. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-2018-6
Goyal, M. R. (Ed.). (2016). Wastewater management for irrigation: principles and practices. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/b18967
Hasan, H., Battikhi, A., & Qrunfleh, M. (2015). Impacts of treated wastewater reuse on some soil properties and production of Gladiolus communis. Jordan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 11(4). https://archives.ju.edu.jo/index.php/jjas/article/view/11040
Hasheminasab, K. S., Shahbazi, K., Marzi, M., Zare, A., Yeganeh, M., Bazargan, K., & Kharazmi, R. (2023). A study on wheat grain zinc, iron, copper, and manganese concentrations and their relationship with grain yield in major wheat production areas of Iran. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 100913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2023.100913
Jinadasa, K.B.P.N., Milham, P.J., Hawkins, C.A., Cornish, P.S., Williams, P.A. & Kaldor, C.J. (1997). Survey of cadmium levels in vegetables and soils of Greater Sydney, Australia. J. Environ. Qual, 26(4), 924–933. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600040002x
Kabata-Pendias, A., & Pendias, H. )2001(. Trace elements in soils and plants. 3rd ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=1544363
Khan, A., Khan, S., Alam, M., Khan, M. A., Aamir, M., Qamar, Z., & Perveen, S. (2016). Toxic metal interactions affect the bioaccumulation and dietary intake of macro-and micro-nutrients. Chemosphere, 146, 121-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.12.014
Khan, Z. I., Haider, R., Ahmad, K., Alrefaei, A. F., Mehmood, N., Memona, H., & Ugulu, I. (2023). The Effects of Irrigation with Diverse Wastewater sources on Heavy Metal Accumulation in Kinnow and Grapefruit samples and Health Risks from Consumption. Water, 15(19), 3480. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15193480
Kiziloglu, F.M., Turan, M., Sahin, U., Kuslu, Y., & Dursun, A. (2008). Effects of untreated and treated wastewater irrigation on some chemical properties of cauliflower (Brassica olerecea L. var. botrytis) and red cabbage (Brassica olerecea L. var. rubra) grown on calcareous soil in Turkey. Agricultural Water Management, 95, 716 -724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2008.01.008
Kristensen, P., Whalley, C., Zal, F. N. N., & Christiansen, T. (2018). European waters assessment of status and pressures. EEA Report. https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/state-of-water
Langaas, S. (2020). Microplastics (MP) in Sewage Sludge and Agriculture. Available online: https://phosphorusplatform.eu/images/download/ESPP-meeting-sludge-2018/ESPP-4-12-2018-Langaas.pdf 
Lin, C., Shacahr, Y., & Banin, A. (2004). Heavy metal retention and partitioning in a large-scale soil-aquifer treatment (SAT) system used for wastewater reclamation. Chemosphere, 57(9), 1047-1058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.08.049
Muchuweti, M., Birkett, J. W., Chinyanga, E., Zvauya, R., Scrimshaw, M. D., & Lester, J. N. (2006). Heavy metal content of vegetables irrigated with mixtures of wastewater and sewage sludge in Zimbabwe: implications for human health. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment, 112(1), 41-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2005.04.028
Piotrowska, A., Iamarino, G., Rao, M.A., & Gianfreda L. (2006). Short-term effects of olive mill waste water (OMW) on chemical and biochemical properties of semi-arid Mediterranean soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 38, 600-610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.06.012
Reynolds, W. D., Drury, C. F., Tan, C. S., Fox, C. A., & Yang, X. M. (2009). Use of indicators and pore volume-function characteristics to quantify soil physical quality. Geoderma, 152(3-4), 252-263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2009.06.009
Ritchie, H., & Roser, M. (2022). Water Use and Stress. Available online: https://ourworldindata.org/water-use-stress
Santos, A. F., Alvarenga, P., Gando-Ferreira, L. M., & Quina, M. J. (2023). Urban wastewater as a source of reclaimed water for irrigation: barriers and future possibilities. Environments, 10(2), 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments10020017
Santos, A.F., Santos, C.P., Matos, A.M., Cardoso, O., & Quina, M.J. (2020). Effect of Thermal Drying and Chemical Treatments with Wastes on Microbiological Contamination Indicators in Sewage Sludge. Microorganisms, 8(3), 376. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8030376
SEPA, (2005). The limits of pollutants in food. China: State Environmental Protection Administration. GB2762-2005. https://www.codeofchina.com/standard/GB2762-2005.html
Tang, G., Zhang, X., Qi, L., Li, L., Guo, J., Zhong, H., & Huang, J. (2022). Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizer Increases the Uptake of Soil Heavy Metal Pollutants by Plant Community. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 109(6), 1059-1066. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-022-03628-x
Türkdoğan, M. K., Kilicel, F., Kara, K., Tuncer, I., & Uygan, I. (2003). Heavy metals in soil, vegetables and fruits in the endemic upper gastrointestinal cancer region of Turkey. Environmental toxicology and pharmacology, 13(3), 175-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1382-6689(02)00156-4  
US EPA. (2022). Basic Information about Water Reuse. Available online: https://www.epa.gov/waterreuse/basic-information-about-water-reuse
Waalkes, M. P. (2003). Cadmium carcinogenesis. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 533(1-2), 107-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2003.07.011
Yargholi, B. (2007). Investigating the amount of cadmium absorption from the root environment and its accumulation in the different parts of the crops. doctoral dissertation, University of Tehran, Iran. [in Persian]
Younis, U., Malik, S. A., Rizwan, M., Qayyum, M. F., Ok, Y. S., Shah, M. H. R., & Ahmad, N. (2016). Biochar enhances the cadmium tolerance in spinach (Spinacia oleracea) through modification of Cd uptake and physiological and biochemical attributes. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23, 21385-21394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7344-3