Conceptualizing water bankruptcy in forbidden plains of Iran (Case study: Mahidasht plains)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 1. Agriculture-Jahad Organization, Kermanshah, Iran., & Department of Agricultural Extension & Education, Faculty of Agricultural, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.

2 Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agricultural, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.

چکیده

Objective: The purpose of this case study was to conceptualize WB as perceived by irrigated farmers and agricultural experts in Mahidasht township.
 
Method: In recent years, climate change has caused a significant decrease in rainfall compared to the long-term average in Iran. In addition, mismanagement of water resources in the agriculture sector has caused the reduction of renewable water, destruction of the ecosystem, and local and regional water disputes. In such a way that there is a reservoir deficit of 350 BCM in Iran's underground water resources, which is about a quarter of the total reserves of underground water resources. According to the statistics of the country's water resources balance, the total amount of water harvest is equal to 96.37 billion m3, of which 85.6 billion m3 is related to the agricultural sector. As a consequence, water management experts have called for the state of “water bankruptcy” in the plains of the country, including the Mahidasht Plain in western part of Iran. However, any measures taken by water management experts need to conceptualize water bankruptcy (WB) as perceived by experts and farmers. Because environmental crises, including water bankruptcy, are rooted in human behavior. Since the correct perception of a problem is a prerequisite for behavior; therefore, conceptualizing “water bankruptcy” perceived by stakeholders can reveal the root causes of this phenomenon in the region. Thus, it should also be considered as the first step in solving the conflicts caused by this issue. This study used exploratory qualitative method using case study approach. This research, purposeful sampling through “critical case method” was used as a sampling frame of the study. The population of this study comprised 25 participants, including Experts in Agricultural Organization, Regional Water Company, faculty members in College of Agriculture, and farmers in Mahidasht Plain in Kermanshah Province. Individual interviews and group discussion sessions were used to collect data. Qualitative field notes were collected and coded using thematic analysis.
 
Results: The results of thematic analysis process revealed that the main concepts of WB are: excess water harvesting (EWH), reduced surface water (RSW), reduced ground water (RGW), condensation and change of aquifer (CCA), negative water balance (NWB), over harvesting of renewable water (ORW) and engaging in non-agricultural activities (ENA).
 
Conclusions: Policymakers and researchers can benefit from the results of this research in providing dynamic models of water allocation in common basins.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

مراجع

Abrahe, A., Ahmadi, M. h., Kazmininejad, S. A., & Rajabpour, R. (2019). Investigating the Theory of Water Bankruptcy and Management in Sharing Water Resources of Fahlian River. The 3rd Iran Water and Wastewater Engineering and Science Congress, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. https://civilica.com/doc/1184371/
Ahmed, SK. (2024). The pillars of trustworthiness in qualitative research. Journal of Medicine, Surgery, and Public Health. 2, 100051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.glmedi.2024.100051
Amiri., A., Shaneche, M., & Golshani, A. (2020). The Effect of Public Policy Process on Water Crisis in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Research letter of Political Science, 15 (4), 45-72. https://doi.org/10.22034/ipsa.2020.417
Amiri, S. & Mirakzadeh A. A. (2022). Investigation of Factors Affecting the Acceptance of Smart Water Gauge among Farmers in Mahidasht Plain, Advanced Technologies in Water Efficiency, 2 (3), 36-53. https://doi.org/10.22126/atwe.2022.7873.1020
Bazrafshan, J., Khalili, A., Zand-Parsa, Sh., Sepaskhah, A., Alizadeh, A., & Farhoodi, J. (2021). Documentary Study of the Situation of Agricultural Water Resources and Uses in Iran: Analysis of the Current Situation, Pathology and Solutions to the Challenges. Strategic Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 6 (1), 35-50. https://doi.org/10.22047/srjasnr.2021.128740
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3 (2), 77–101. https//:doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Chambers, R. (1983). Rural Development, Putting the last first. London, Longman Publications, London, England.
        http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/54506/1/198.pdf
Collins, G. (2017). Iran’s Looming Water Bankruptcy. The James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy of Rice University Publications, Center for energy studies, Texas, United States. https://www.bakerinstitute.org/sites/default/files/2017-04/import/CES-pub-IranWater-040317.pdf
Doungmanee, P. (2016). The Nexus of Agricultural Water Use and Economic Development Level. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 37 (1), 38-45.                      https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kjss.2016.01.008
Emadodin, S., Shadiee Majd, N., & Arekhi, S. (2020). Analysis of the Impact of Land Use Change on Groundwater Level Drop) Case Study: Mahidasht, Kermanshah province). Journal of Natural Environmental Hazards, 09 (25), 123-140. https://doi.org/10.22111/jneh.2020.31698.1565
Enworo, O.C. (2023). Application of Guba and Lincoln's parallel criteria to assess trustworthiness of qualitative research on indigenous social protection systems, Qualitative Research Journal, 23 (4), 372-384. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1108/QRJ-08-2022-0116
Fattahi, S. (2018). National Water Report and Complexity based policy. Strategic Studies of Public Policy, 8 (27), 321-328.
       https://sspp.iranjournals.ir/article_31143_a7d72361e2bb1183df75a532bc897c41.pdf
Fattahi Chaghabagi, A., Akhund Ali, A.M., & Azari, A. (2023). Assessment of the sustainability indicators of groundwater resources (case study of Mahidasht aquifer). Advanced Technologies in Water Efficiency, 3 (2), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.22126/atwe.2023.9082.1050
Francis, J., Johnson, M., Robertson, C., Glidewell, L., Entwistle, V., Eccles, M., & Grimshaw, J. (2010). What is an adequate sample size? Operational sing data saturation for theory-based interview studies. Psychol. Health, 25, 1229-1245.                         https://doi.org/ 10.1080/08870440903194015
Gall, M. d., Borg, W. r., & Gall, J. P.  (2003). Educational Research: An Introduction. Allyn and Bacon, Publications, Boston, Massachusetts. https://books.google.com/books/about/Educational_Research.html?id=_rRhQgAACAAJ
Gerber, N., & Mirzabaev, A. (2017). Benefits of Action and Costs of Inaction: Drought Mitigation and Preparedness – a Literature Review. World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and Global Water Partnership (GWP) WMO, Geneva, Switzerland and GWP, Stockholm, Sweden. https://www.gwp.org/globalassets/global/about-gwp/publications/integrated-drought-management-programme/drought_a-literature-review.pdf/
Qamarnia, H. (1401). A brief overview of the potentials of Kermanshah Province. The Third National Conference on Deficit Irrigation and the Use of Non-Conventional Waters in Agriculture in Dry Areas. Razi University of Kermanshah, Kermanshah, Iran. https://civilica.com/l/100580/pgn-2/
Ghanbari, M., Rostami, F., & Geravandi, Sh. (2020). Consequences of Cash-rent Farming in Kermanshah’s Mahidasht: Marshallian versus Cheungian Perspectives. Journal of Rural Research, 11 (2), 384-395. https://doi.org/10.22059/jrur.2019.257829.1255
Gharb Water Consulting Engineers. (2022). Design of Quantitative and Qualitative Monitoring Network of Underground Water Resources: Mahidasht-Sarfirouzabad Study Area, Selected Agricultural Wells. Kermanshah Regional Water Company, Water Resources Basic Studies Office, Groundwater Department. 1-44. https://doi.org/10.22034/hydro.2024.57118.1298
Gorgani, Sh., Bafkar, A., & Fatemi, SE. (2017). Prediction of Groundwater Pollution Potential Using the DRASTIC Index and Annual Time Series Analysis (Case Study: Plain Mahidasht Kermanshah). Iran. J. Health & Environ, 10 (3), 317-328.
       http://ijhe.tums.ac.ir/article-1-5962-en.html
Herrero C., & Villar A. (2001). The Three Musketeers: Four Classical Solutions to Bankruptcy Problems. Mathematical Social Sciences, 42 (3), 307–328.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-4896(01)00075-0
Hosseini, S. M., Parizi, E., Ataie-Ashtiani, B., & Simmons, C. T. (2019). Assessment of sustainable groundwater resources management using integrated environmental index: Case studies across Iran. Science of the Total Environment, 676, 792–810.   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.257
Ingrao, C., Strippoli, R., Lagioia, G., & Huisingh, D. (2023). Water scarcity in agriculture: An overview of causes, impacts and approaches for reducing the risks. Heliyon, 9 (8), e18507.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18507
Islami, R., & Rahimi, A. (2019). Policymaking and Water Crisis in Iran. Journal of the Macro and Strategic Policies, 7 (27), 410-434. https://doi.org/10.32598/JMSP.7.3.5
Islamic Council Research Center. (2010).  The Law on Assignment of Water Wells without Exploitation License. 8 (31501), Council Resolutions, Notification No. 392/28251. https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/782294  
Jalili Kamju, S. P., & Khochiani, R. (2020). Application of the Bankruptcy Theory and Conflicting Claims on Water Resources Allocation of Zayanderud. The Journal of Economic Modeling Research, 39, 45-80. https://doi.org/10.29252/jemr.10.39.45
Jamalomidi, M., & Moridi, A. (2020). Bankruptcy Method in Reducing Groundwater Resources Conflicts and Aquifer Balancing (Case Study: Haji Abad Aquifer). Iran-Water Resources Research, 16 (4), 1-14. https://doi.org /20.1001.1.17352347.1399.16.4.1.1
Ketabchy, M. (2021). Investigating the Impacts of the Political System Components in Iran on the Existing Water Bankruptcy. Sustainability, 13 (13657), 1-22. https://doi.org 10.3390/su132413657
Khalilpoor, S., Asghari, S., Ghorbani, A., & Naji doomirani, S. (2018). Analysis of Underground Water Level Changes Kermanshah Plain Mahidasht. The 13th National Conference on Watershed Science and Engineering of Iran and the 3rd National Conference on Natural Resources and Environment, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran. https://civilica.com/doc/827182/
Kufeoglu, S. (2022). SDG-6 Clean Water and Sanitation. In book: Emerging Technologies, Value Creation for Sustainable Development, Springer Publications, New York City, United States. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/978-3-031-07127-0_8.
Madani, K., AghaKouchak, A., & Mirchi, A. (2016). Iran’s Socio-economic Drought: Challenges of a Water-Bankrupt Nation. Iranian Studies, 49(6), 997-1016. https://doi.org/10.1080/00210862.2016.1259286
Majidipour, F., Bagher Najafi, S. M., Taheri, K., Fathollahi, J., & Missimer, T. M. (2021). Index-based Groundwater Sustainability Assessment in the Socio-Economic Context: A Case Study in the Western Iran. Environmental Management, 67, 648–666. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-021-01424-7
Mazaheri, M., & Abdul Manafi, N. (2016). Investigating the Water Crisis and Its Consequences in the Country. Islamic Council Research Center, serial number 15608. https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/report/show/1040201
McKenzie, R. H. (2010). Agricultural Soil Compaction: Causes and management. Agriculture and Rural Development Publications, Lethbridge, Alberta.                          https://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/agdex13331/$file/510-1.pdf
Merriam, Sh. B. (2002). Qualitative Research in Practice: Examples for Discussion and Analysis, Jossey-Bass Publications, San Francisco. California.  https://pocketbook.de/de_de/downloadable/download/sample/sample_id/4281232/?srsltid=AfmBOoojUGM4fYiIvOVowcPRU_lznochEA3JRzlSejifjPWhj2lzRPdl
Mianabadi, A., & Davary, K. (2023). Investigation of Changes in the Amount and Distribution of Precipitation and Temperature in Iran and Their Effects on Extreme Events. Development Sustainable and Water of J, 10 (2), 13-26. https://doi.org/10.22067/jwsd.v10i2.2301-1203
Mogalakwe, M. (2006). The Use of Documentary Research Methods in Social Research. African Sociological Review, 10 (1), 221-230.  https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267994948_The_Use_of_Documentary_Research_Methods_in_Social_Research
Moradian, F., & Behvar, Sh. (2018). Blue Bankruptcy is an Obstacle to Economic Development. Kermanshah Province Sustainable Development National Conference: Opportunities, Challenges and Prospects, Razi university, Kermanshah, Iran. https://civilica.com/doc/901442/
Morse, J. M. (2015). Data were saturated. Qual Health Res, 25 (5), 587-8. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732315576699
Mulugeta Degefu, D., & He, W.  (2016). Allocating Water under Bankruptcy Scenario. Water Resources Management, 30, 3949–3964. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-016-1403-x
Naderi, L., Karamidehkordi, E., Badsar, M., & Moghadas, M. (2024). Impact of Climate Change on Water Crisis and Conflicts: Farmers’ Perceptions at the ZayandehRud Basin in Iran. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 54, 101878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2024.101878
Naeem, M., Ozuem, W., Howell, K., & Ranfagni, S.  (2023). A Step-by-Step Process of Thematic Analysis to Develop a Conceptual Model in Qualitative Research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 22, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069231205789
Nafarzadegan, A. R., Vagharfard, H., Nikoo, M. R., & Nohegar, A. (2019). Developing a Multi-Objective Linear Model for an Optimal Water Allocation Based on Four Bankruptcy Rules and Solve it Through the Fuzzy Compromise Approach. Watershed   Management   Research, 23 (3), 95-110.
      https://doi.org/10.22092/wmej.2019.125834.1205
Oftadeh, E., Shourian, M., & Saghafian, B. (2016).  Evaluation of the Bankruptcy Approach for Water Resources Allocation Conflict Resolution Basin Scale, Iran’s Lake Urmia Experience. Water Resources Management, 30, 3519–3533. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s11269-016-1368-9
O'Reilly, M., & Parker, N. (2013). Unsatisfactory Saturation: A critical exploration of the notion of saturated sample sizes in qualitative research. Qualitative Research, 13 (2), 190–197. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794112446106
Pournabi, N., Janatrostami, S., Ashrafzadeh, A., & Mohammadi, K. (2022). Comparison of Bankruptcy Methods in the Operation Management of the Karkheh River Basin to Allocate more Water to the Hawr-Al-Azim Wetland. AQUA-Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society, 71(11)1263-1277. https://doi.org/: 10.2166/aqua.2022.126
Qanadi, M. (2023). Acceleration in Changes to Solve Water and Sewage Crises (Editor-in-Chief Lecture). Journal of Water and Wastewater Science and Engineering, 8 (2), 1-2.  https://doi.org/10.22112/jwwse.2023.404160.1367
Ranjbar, H., Haghdoost, E. A., Salsali, M., Khoshdel, E., Salisani, M. E., & Bahrami, N. (2011). Sampling in Qualitative Research: A Guide for Beginning. J Army Univ Med Sci, 10 (3), 238-250. https://sid.ir/paper/96654/fa
Rezaei, S., Masoompoor Samakoosh, J., Miri, M. (2024). Analysis of drought characteristics (severity, duration, magnitude) in Iran based on multivariate standardized drought index. Advanced Technologies in Water Efficiency, 4 (1), 82-98. https://doi.org/doi:10.22126/ATWE.2024.10319.1114
Rijsberman, F. R. (2006). Water scarcity: Fact or fiction?. Agricultural Water Management, 80 (1–3), 5-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2005.07.001
Sadat, M., Shourian, M., & Moridi, A. (2018). Reallocation of Water Resources in Transboundary River Basins Using the Bankruptcy Approach. Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research, 50 (5), 1141-1151. https://doi.org/10.22059/ijswr.2018.260256.667948
Sefidgar, S., Rostami, F., & Tatar, M. (2023). A Schematic Representation of the Water Conflict from Activists’ Perspective in the Villages of the Gavshan Dam Basin. Journal of Rural Research, 14 (1), 136-151. https://doi.org/10.22059/jrur.2023.352928.1803
Shahraki, A. S., Singh, V. P., & Bazrafshan, O. (2024). Developing a Bankruptcy Theory to Resolve Stakeholders’ Conflict over Optimal Water Allocation: The Case of Hirmand Catchment. Water, 16 (9), 1303. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16091303  
Sharafi, L., Zarafshani, K., Keshavarz, M., Azadi, H., & Van Passel, S. (2020). Drought Risk Assessment: Towards Drought Early Warning System and Sustainable Environment in Western Iran. Ecological Indicators, 114, 1-12.                          https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106276
Silva, LAP., Silva, CR., Souza, CMP., Bolfe, EL., Sena Souza, JP., & Leite, ML. (2023). Mapping of Aridity and its Connections with Climate Classes and Climate Desertification in Future Scenarios– Brazilian Semi-Arid Region. Sociedade and Natureza, 35, e67666, 1-12.  https://doi.org/10.14393/SN-v35-2023-67666x
Tatar, M., Papzan, A., & Ahmadvand, M. (2019). Explaining the Good Governance of Agricultural Surface Water Resources in the Gawshan Watershed Basin, Kermanshah, Iran. J. Agr. Sci. Tech., 21 (6), 1379-1393. https://doi.org/20.1001.1.16807073.2019.21.6.11.0
Tayebzadeh moghadam, N., & Malekmohammadi, B. (2020). Using Bankruptcy Theory Methods for Fair Allocation of Water Resources in order to Reduce Environmental Conflicts (Case Study: Lake Urmia Basin). Water Resources Engineering, 13 (44), 95-105. https://doi.org/20.1001.1.20086377.1399.13.44.8.9
Thurmond, V. A. (2001). The Point of Triangulation. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, Third quarter 2001, Pp. 253-258. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1547-5069.2001.00253.x
Tian, J., Yu, Y., Li, T., Zhou, Y., Li, J., Wang, X., & Han, Y. (2021). A cooperative game model with bankruptcy theory for Water Allocation: A case study in China Tarim River Basin. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 2353-2364. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-439945/v1
 UNDP. (2015). Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation.  United Nations Development Programme, New York, United States. https://www.undp.org/sustainable-development-goals/clean-water-and-sanitation
Veisi, A., Kalantari, Kh., & Motiee, N. (2021). Zoning Plains of Karkheh Catchment in Kermanshah Province Based on the Enhanced Agricultural. Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research, 52 (12), 3125-3138. https://doi.org/10.22059/ijswr.2021.328820.669054
Wickramage, H. A. M. (2019). Bankruptcy Model Application to Missouri River Water Allocation. In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science, Agribusiness and Applied Economics, Fargo, North Dakota. https://doi.org/ 10.13140/RG.2.2.33573.00483
Yazdian, M., Rakhshandehroo, Gh., Nikoo, M. R., & TalebBidokhti, N. (2022). Developing a Model Based on Games Theory for Optimal Allocation of Water to Stakeholders in Shared Water Resources under Water Bankruptcy Conditions: Application of Chicken Game. Water Resources Engineering Journal, 15 (52), 1-14. https://doi.org/ 10.30495/wej.2021.26673.2284
Zarafshani, K., & Saadvandi, M. (2017). Determining Agricultural Water Poverty Index in Kermanshah Province: The Case of Mahidasht Basin, Iran. J. Agr. Sci. Tech., 19, 541-552. https://doi.org/ 20.1001.1.16807073.2017.19.3.19.8
Zare Farjoudi, S. Moridi, A., & Mousavi Nadoushani, S.S. (2019). Application of Bankruptcy Method in Point and Non-Point Source Pollution Allocation in the Rivers. Iran-Water Resources Research, 15 (2), 88-97. https://doi.org/ 20.1001.1.17352347.1398.15.2.7.6
Zarezadeh, M., Madani, K., & Morid, S. (2012). Resolving Transboundary Water Conflicts: Lessons Learned from the Qezelozan-Sefidrood River Bankruptcy Problem. World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2012: Crossing Boundaries,New Mexico, United States. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784412312.243
Zhao, H., Xu, Z., Zhao, J., & Huang, W. (2017). A drought rarity and evapotranspiration-based index as a suitable agricultural drought indicator. Ecol. Indic., 82, 530–538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.07.024
 
فناوری های پیشرفته در بهره وری آب
دوره 5، شماره 4
دی 1404
صفحه 15-45

فایل ها

سابقه مقاله

  • تاریخ دریافت: 30 اردیبهشت 1404
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 27 مرداد 1404
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 06 مهر 1404

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار